Ernst vom Rath was murdered by Herschel Grynszpan, a young Jewish refugee in Paris on 9th November, 1938. At a meeting of Nazi Party leaders that evening, Joseph Goebbels suggested that there should be "spontaneous" anti-Jewish riots. (21) Reinhard Heydrich sent urgent guidelines to all police headquarters suggesting how they could start these disturbances. He ordered the destruction of all Jewish places of worship in Germany. Heydrich also gave instructions that the police should not interfere with demonstrations and surrounding buildings must not be damaged when burning synagogues. (22)

Heinrich Mueller, head of the Secret Political Police, sent out an order to all regional and local commanders of the state police: "(i) Operations against Jews, in particular against their synagogues will commence very soon throughout Germany. There must be no interference. However, arrangements should be made, in consultation with the General Police, to prevent looting and other excesses. (ii) Any vital archival material that might be in the synagogues must be secured by the fastest possible means. (iii) Preparations must be made for the arrest of from 20,000 to 30,000 Jews within the Reich. In particular, affluent Jews are to be selected. Further directives will be forthcoming during the course of the night. (iv) Should Jews be found in the possession of weapons during the impending operations the most severe measures must be taken. SS Verfuegungstruppen and general SS may be called in for the overall operations. The State Police must under all circumstances maintain control of the operations by taking appropriate measures." (23)

Reinhard Heydrich ordered members of the Gestapo to make arrests following Kristallnacht. "As soon as the course of events during the night permits the release of the officials required, as many Jews in all districts, especially the rich, as can be accommodated in existing prisons are to be arrested. For the time being only healthy male Jews, who are not too old, are to be detained. After the detentions have been carried out the appropriate concentration camps are to be contracted immediately for the prompt accommodation of the Jews in the camps." (24)

On 21st November, 1938, it was announced in Berlin by the Nazi authorities that 3,767 Jewish retail businesses in the city had either been transferred to "Aryan" control or closed down. Further restrictions on Jews were announced that day. To enforce the rule that Jewish doctors could not treat non-Jews, each Jewish doctor had henceforth to display a blue nameplate with a yellow star - the Star of David - with the sign: "Authorised to give medical treatment only to Jews." German bookmakers were also forbidden to accept bets from Jews. (25)

After Kristallnacht the numbers of Jews wishing to leave Germany increased dramatically. A journalist, James Holburn, who worked for The Glasgow Herald, reported large numbers of people outside the British Embassy: "Desperate Jews continue to flock to the British passport control offices in Berlin and elsewhere in Germany in the hope of gaining admission to Great Britain, Palestine or one of the Crown Colonies... A visit to the Passport Control Office here this morning showed that families were often represented only by their womenfolk, many of them in tears, while the men of the family waited in a concentration camp until some evidence of likelihood of emigration could be shown to the Secret Police. While harassed officials dealt firmly but as kindly as possible with such fortunate applicants as had come early enough to reach the inner offices - about 85 persons were seen this morning - a far larger crowd waited on the stairs outside or in the courtyard beneath in the hope of admittance. The doors were closed and guarded much to the annoyance of Germans seeking visas, some of whom complained angrily of being forced to wait among Jews and demanded preferential treatment, though without success." (26)

Reinhard Heydrich reported to Hermann Göring that 20,000 Jewish men had been arrested following Kristallnacht. (27) These men had been taken to concentration camps. However, in January 1939, Reinhard Heydrich ordered police authorities all over Germany to release all Jewish concentration camp prisoners who had emigration papers. They were to be told that they would be returned to the camp for life if they ever came back to Germany. (28) Benno Cohen argued that this meant that the wives of these men besieged Frank Foley in "order to effect the liberation of their husbands from the camps". (29)

The Jewish National Council for Palestine sent a telegram to the British government offering to take 10,000 German children into Palestine. The full cost of bringing the children from Germany and maintaining them in their new homes, as well as their education and vocational training would be paid for by the Palestine Jewish community and by "Zionists throughout the world". (30)

The Colonial Secretary, Malcolm MacDonald, told his Cabinet colleagues that the proposal should be rejected because of a forthcoming conference to be held in London, between the British government and representation of Palestinian Arabs, Palestinian Jews, and the Arab States". He argued that "if these 10,000 children were allowed to enter Palestine, we should run a considerable risk that the Palestinian Arabs would not attend the Conference, and that, if they did attend, their confidence would be shaken and the atmosphere damaged." (31)

Frank Foley appears to have largely ignored the instructions he received from London. "Captain Foley had to carry out official policy. A happy chance had however brought to the post in Berlin a man who not only fully understood the orders issued to him but also had a heart for the people who often stood in long, anxious queues before him. He took advantage of his powers in so broadminded a way that many who under a stricter interpretation of orders would probably have been refused, were issued with the coveted visas to Palestine. To many who had to deal with him, he appeared almost as a saint." (32)

Margaret Reid had just arrived from London to help Frank Foley in his work. In the evening of 12th December, 1938, she wrote to her mother. "Today I spent entirely on filing - work that ought to have been seen to days before. The staff is about double its normal size and they are closing the office for two days a week in an effort to keep pace with the rush. There was a queue waiting when we got there at nine this morning and I believe some of them had been there since 4 am. When we had elbowed our way through, the porter tried to turn us away until I explained three times that we were here to work, when he laughed and took us to Captain Foley - our chief." (33)

Frank Foley's wife. Kay, reported: "Jews trying to find a way out of Germany queued in their hundreds outside the British consulate, clinging to the hope that they would get a passport or a visa. Day after day we saw them standing along the corridors, down the steps and across the large courtyard, waiting their turn to fill in the forms that might lead to freedom. In the end, that queue grew to be a mile long. Some were hysterical. Many wept. All were desperate. With them came a flood of cables and letters from other parts of the country, all pleading for visas and begging for help. For them, Frank's yes or no really meant the difference between a new life and the concentration camps. But there were many difficulties. How could so many people be interviewed before their turn came for that dreaded knock on the door... He (Frank Foley) worked from 7am to 10pm without a break. He would handle as many applications himself as he could manage and he would walk among his staff of examiners to see where he could assist them, or give advice and words of comfort to those who waited." (34)

Wim Van Leer was also involved in trying to get Jews out of Nazi Germany and became close to Foley. "The winter of 1938 was a harsh one and elderly men and women waited from six in the morning, queuing up in the snow and biting wind. Captain Foley saw to it that a uniformed commissionaire trundled a tea-urn on a trolley along the line of frozen misery, and all this despite the clientele, neurotic with frustration and cold. Others pleaded, offered bribes, threatened, flattered, wept, and threw fits. Foley always maintained his composure. As an ex-Army man, he knew that it was fear that motivated the heavy-coated bundles of despair outside his front door, wriggling to escape the closing claw. As a deeply devout Christian in deed as well as in spirit, he would not allow himself to be upset by the traumatised herd stampeding across his desk." (35)

Frank Foley managed to build up a spy-network in Berlin. This included Hubert Pollack, who managed to get information about the activities of the Gestapo: "In February 1933, three prisons were built in the Hedemannstrasse, the General Palpe Strasse and the Lehrter Strasse in which the Feldgendarmerie tortured political prisoners to death... These prisons were the forerunners of the Gestapo prisons and the concentration camps. The personnel were among the most depraved sadists to be found in the various SA, and later SS, formations. Trade unionists, social democrats, communists, socialists, pacifists and other left-wingers were abducted from their homes or from the street. After a while, the bodies could be collected from the hospital in the Scharnhorststrasse." (36)

Another important agent was Paul Rosbaud, a young Austrian scientist who was scientific adviser to Springer Verlag, one of Germany's largest publishing houses. Rosebaud's wife was Jewish and Foley helped him get her to England. Rosbaud also put Foley in touch with Lise Meitner, who had been working with Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman on investigations into the products of neutron bombardment of uranium. Meitner was Jewish and after she was banned from working in Germany she escaped to Sweden. In December 1938, Rosebaud was told by Hahn, that along with Strassman, that they had split the atom, paving the way for the creation of an atomic bomb. Rosbaud passed this information to Foley and throughout the war he was able to keep SIS informed on the progress being made by the German atomic weapons programme. (37)

Frank Foley also ran Johann de Graff, a former member of the German Communist Party (KPD) who was now working as an NKVD agent. He had first approached Foley after he discovered that his wife, also a NKVD agent, had been murdered on the orders of Joseph Stalin, because she was suspected as being a supporter of Leon Trotsky. (38) Foley told headquarters that he considered De Graff the "most important contact I have made and convinced his genuineness". Foley was right and over the next few years, De Graff (codename Jonny X) provided important information to MI6. (39)

Foley interviewed De Graff and sent back a series of reports on various aspects of Soviet underground operations. His ability to detail the organisation, structure and leadership of the Communist Party of Great Britain was regarded as particularly valuable. A MI6 officer later pointed out: "Details (from Foley's reports) were passed to MI5 who took executive action on the basis of information supplied by Foley". (40)

The pressure on Frank Foley increased as it became to look as if war was inevitable. Margaret Reid was impressed with the energy of Frank Foley: "He is an active little man, wears a brown Harris Tweed jacket and appears to work 14 hours a day and remain good-tempered... He is not at all terrifying to work for and we are just managing to get each day's letters opened and numbered now that the staff is about doubled. I sit all day at the card index, with two other new girls and a man who came over from London a few weeks ago and the phone goes non-stop from nine (in the morning)... The big businessmen seem to have been preparing, some of them for a long time, and have the necessary capital in foreign banks, but more pathetic are the uneducated letters from wives whose husbands are in concentration camps (some of them have died there or are in hospital as a result of infection caught there and undernourishment). It is a panic-stricken land and many former adherents of the regime are now apparently violently anti." (41)

Hubert Pollack, who worked closely with Frank Foley helping the Jews, later commented: "Immigration rules were very strict in those days of economic depression in order to prevent the entry of additional manpower looking for employment. But in the conflict between official duty and human duty Captain Foley decided unreservedly for the fulfilling of his human duty. He never took the easy way out. He never tried to make himself popular with the ambassador or the Home Office by giving a strict and narrow interpretation of the rules. He did not mind incurring the displeasure of top officials in the British Foreign Office and Home office. On the contrary, he was not above sophistic interpretation if he could help Jews to emigrate." (42)

Frank Foley told his friend, Benno Cohen, why he broke the rules to help the Jews: "What were the motives that stirred him to act like this? We who worked closely with him in those days often asked ourselves this question. Before all else, Foley was humane. In those dark days in Germany, to encounter a human being was no common occurrence. He told us that he was acting as a Christian and that he wanted to show us how little the Christians who were then in power in Germany had to do with real Christianity. He detested the Nazis and looked on their political system - as he once told me - as the rule of Satan upon earth. He loathed their base doings and regarded himself as duty bound to assist the victims of their misdeeds." (43)

Frank Foley had several Jewish friends in Berlin. This included Professor Oscar Fehr, who was in charge of eye department of the Rudolf Virchov Hospital. In January 1939, Foley managed to get the Fehr family a visa to go to England. Inge Fehr later commented: "Captain Foley gave us visas. He told us that my father was the only doctor he knew who had received permission to work in England and that he was one of only a few who had been given a permit for permanent residence in England... England gave us permission to emigrate but my father would have to retake his medical examinations before being allowed to practise." (44)

Foley's biographer, Michael Smith, has argued: "He blatantly ignored the strict rules governing the issuance of visas to ensure that large numbers of Jews who might otherwise have gone to the gas chambers were assisted to safety in Palestine and the United Kingdom. Short, balding, and with his spectacles giving him an owlish appearance, Foley made an unlikely hero. Yet he went into the concentration camps to get people out, helped them obtain false passports and hid them in his own home, despite the fact that he had no diplomatic immunity and that the Germans, who were aware he was a spy, might arrest him at any time." (45)

On 25th August, 1939, Captain Foley and his team were ordered home. In a letter written on the ferry to Harwich, his assistant, Margaret Reid, expressed her regret at leaving the Berlin Passport Control Office behind. "They were a good crowd there and though I was worked off my feet I enjoyed the feeling of being of use and trusted." (46) Hubert Pollack has claimed that the Foley's team saved the lives of thousands of German Jews: "The number of Jews saved from Germany would have been tens of thousands less, yes, tens of thousands less, if an officious bureaucrat had set in Foley's place. There is no word of Jewish gratitude towards this man which could be exaggerated." (47)

After a few days rest Foley and Reid were sent to Oslo in Norway, to establish a MI6 station in the city. Reid told her mother: "My job will be more responsible as I shall have to reorganise the office on Berlin lines and be Captain Foley's private secretary... I must say I think I am one of the favoured ones." (48)

Foley's main task was to run MI6 agents in Nazi Germany. Most of these were former trade unionists involved in sabotage activities. (49) According to the official historian of MI6: "Foley... was posted to Oslo with general responsibilities for Scandinavia as a whole, evidently on the assumption that he would be able to meet former contacts permitted to travel outside Germany, and also be well situated to recruit neutral outside Germany, and also be well situated to recruit neutral residents who could visit the Reich." (50)

On 7th April 1940, Foley received information that the German Army was about to invade Norway. Foley and Reid head for the port of Andalsnes. Reid commented: "The only train was not due to go for several hours. So we decided to proceed by bus. We were then very glad of the sandwiches our landlady at Otta had packed for us. We gave some to the driver and - fortified with a swig of whisky - I felt warmed and fit for anything that might lie ahead." (51)

The couple now joined up with Major-General Otto Ruge, the Norwegian commander-in-chief. For his work with Ruge, Foley was awarded the Knight's Cross of St Olav by King Haakon VII. The citation pointed out: "On the entry of the Germans into Oslo, Major Foley arranged to join up with the commander-in-chief of the Norwegian forces who were offering opposition to the Germans. He was responsible for handling all communications between the British government and General Ruge. He spared no effort to assist the Norwegian forces in the fight against the Germans and was repeatedly very dangerously exposed to enemy fire." (52)

Reid and Foley were evacuated from the port of Molde by the Royal Navy on 1st May, 1940. On returning to London, Foley wrote to Sir Stewart Menzies, the head of MI6, explaining the role that Margaret Reid had played and her "extreme devotion to duty". As a result she was awarded the MBE and the Norwegian Krigsmedalje. Reid continued to work for Foley during the rest of the Second World War. (53)

Soon after returning to Britain he was appointed commander in the Order of St Michael and St George for his work in Germany. (54) Several people who Foley had helped rescue from Nazi Germany were interned in England after the outbreak of the war. This included his close friend, Oscar Fehr, who was held on the Isle of Man. Frank Foley was unable to get him released but he did write to his wife, Jeanne Fehr: "I am depressed to hear that your venerable husband has been interned and hope that his case will receive the most sympathetic consideration by the new tribunals which were mentioned in the House of Commons last night. You have suffered greatly." (55)

On 10th May, 1941, Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy, flew a Me 110 to Scotland. When he parachuted to the ground he was captured by David McLean and Emyr Morris, of the Home Guard. He asked to be taken to Duke of Hamilton. In fact, Hamilton lived close to where Hess landed (Dungavel House). Hess’s first words to them were: “Are you friends of the Duke of Hamilton? I have an important message for him.” (56)

After the war Daniel McBride told his story of what had happened when he captured Hess. “The purpose of the former Deputy Fuhrer’s visit to Britain is still a mystery to the general public, but I can say, and with confidence too, that high-ranking Government officials were aware of his coming.” The reason that McBride gives for this opinion is that: “No air-raid warning was given that night, although the plane must have been distinguished during his flight over the city of Glasgow. Nor was the plane plotted at the anti-aircraft control room for the west of Scotland.” McBride concludes from this evidence that someone with great power ordered that Hess should be allowed to land in Scotland. This story was picked up by the German press but went unreported in the rest of the world. (57)

According to Lieutenant-Colonel Malcolm Scott, Hess had told one of his guards that “members of the government” had known about his proposed trip to Scotland. Hess also asked to see George VI as he had been assured before he left Nazi Germany that he had the “King’s protection”. The authors of Double Standards, believe the Duke of Kent, the Duke of Hamilton, Samuel Hoare and Lord Halifax, were all working for the king in their efforts to negotiate with Adolf Hitler. (58)

Karlheinz Pintsch, Hess adjutant, was given the task of informing Hitler about the flight to Scotland. James Leasor found him alive in 1955 and used him as a major source for his book, The Uninvited Envoy. Pintsch told Leasor of Hitler’s response to this news. He did not seem surprised, nor did he rant and rave about what Hess had done. Instead, he replied calmly, “At this particular moment in the war that could be a most hazardous escapade.” Hitler then went onto read the letter that Hess had sent him. He read the following significant passage out aloud. “And if this project… ends in failure… it will always be possible for you to deny all responsibility. Simply say I was out of my mind.” (59)

Sir Stewart Menzies, the head of MI6, selected Frank Foley to interview Rudolf Hess. Foley managed Hess's incarceration for the next ten months. Hess told Foley that Adolf Hitler "had no wish to destroy the British people", but that if they persisted in fighting, he would be "forced to launch a terrible Air Offensive" which would "result in the killing of hundreds and thousands of people". Hess claimed that he had come to Britain "because he was horrified at the thought of this useless slaughter". (60)

Foley reported: "He (Hess) is in a high state of depression at the failure of his mission and has hinted that it might be better for him to die (suicide)... He is convinced that he is in the hands of a clique who are preventing him from daily access to the King, and that the only way to gain access to the King is through the Duke of Hamilton... The present impasse is likely to continue until he has seen the Duke, who is the only person in whom he appears to have complete confidence." (61)

Foley dined with Hess in the hope that there might be something valuable that could be drawn out of him. Their meals were dominated by Hess's obsession with the idea that the intelligence services would kill him. Kay Foley later commented: "Hess always suspected that his food was being poisoned. So Frank exchanged plates with him and also sipped his glass of wine. Frank was sure that he was insane." (62)

The situation was complicated by information received from a German double-agent who told MI6 that the Nazi leadership was convinced that the British government was on the brink of collapse and that members of the secret Right Club such as Lord Brocket, Lord Redesdale, Duke of Wellington, and the Duke of Westminster, had "a strong following" in Britain, and that Hess hoped that his arrival would be prepared tro stage a coup "if given a chance". (63)

In 1943, one of Foley's agents, Paul Rosbaud provided information on the development of a new weapon being created at an experimental weapons establishment at Peenemünde in north-eastern Germany. He claimed that the project under the direction of Wernher von Braun, had produced a rocket that was the first guided missile to exceed the speed of sound. This 45 feet long, liquid-fuelled rocket carried a one ton warhead, and was capable of supersonic speed and could fly at an altitude of over 50 miles. The V2 Rocket was first used in September, 1944. Over 5,000 were fired on Britain but as a result of major air raids mounted by the RAF the Germans were forced to pull the rocket base back into Poland. (64)

John Masterman was the creator of the Double-Cross System (XX-Committee), an operation that attempted to turn "German agents against their masters and persuaded them to cooperate in sending false information back to Berlin." (65) In June 1942 Frank Foley was chosen to be MI6 representative on the Twenty Committee that was set up to oversee this operation. One agent pointed out: "His exceptional knowledge of the workings of, and personalities in, the Abwehr, acquired during years of service in Berlin, made him a tower of strength." (66)

Johann-Nielsen Jebsen, a senior Abwehr officer, was put under Foley's control. On 10th November 1943, Frank Foley flew to Lisbon to interview Jebsen. He handed over a wealth of information about the organisation of the Abwehr, operational intelligence and the internal situation in Germany. They considered evacuating Jebsen to Britain and using him as a "reference library", but in the end they concluded that the advantages of continuing outweighed the risks." (67)

This proved to be a mistake as on 29th April 1944, Jebsen was abducted from Lisbon. He was bundled into the false bottom of a trunk and smuggled back to Germany. After being interrogated he was sent to the Oranienburg Concentration Camp. Jebsen's disappearance was a serious concern for the Allies. He knew about some of the people involved in the Double-Cross System including Juan Pujol and Dusko Popov. However, MI6 eventually came to the conclusion that Jebsen was abducted because Abwehr believed he was planning to defect, rather than that he had already turned. (68)

Foley also worked with Tomás Harris on the deception plans for the D-Day landings. The key aims of the deception were: "(a) To induce the German Command to believe that the main assault and follow up will be in or east of the Pas de Calais area, thereby encouraging the enemy to maintain or increase the strength of his air and ground forces and his fortifications there at the expense of other areas, particularly of the Caen area in Normandy. (b) To keep the enemy in doubt as to the date and time of the actual assault. (c) During and after the main assault, to contain the largest possible German land and air forces in or east of the Pas de Calais for at least fourteen days." (69)

They devised a plan of action for Juan Pujol (GARBO). He was to inform the Germans that the opening phase of the invasion was under way as the airborne landings started, and four hours before the seaborne landings began. "This, the XX-Committee reasoned, would be too later for the Germans to do anything to do anything to frustrate the attack, but would confirm that GARBO remained alert, active, and well-placed to obtain critically important intelligence." (70)

Christopher Andrew has explained how the strategy worked: "During the first six months of 1944, working with Tomás Harris, he (GARBO) sent more than 500 messages to the Abwehr station in Madrid, which as German intercepts revealed, passed them to Berlin, many marked 'Urgent'... The final act in the pre-D-Day deception was entrusted, appropriately, to its greatest practitioners, GARBO and Tomás Harris. After several weeks of pressure, Harris finally gained permission for GARBO to be allowed to radio a warning that Allied forces were heading towards the Normandy beaches just too late for the Germans to benefit from it." (71)

At the end of the Second World War Frank Foley was selected for work in the Allied Control Commission that was to govern occupied Germany. Frank was to be the MI6 representative in the Public Safety Branch, the organisation controlling the police. His actual role was to take charge of the Special Branch, hunting for for former members of the Schutzstaffel (SS). His main operation was against the neo-Nazi umbrella organisation Deutsche Revolution, which contained a number of groups run by former senior Waffen SS officers, including Klaus Barbie. (72)

Foley's main success was the discovery of an organisation code-named Nursery. It had been formed by former members of the Hitler Youth and German League of Girls with the intention of "the long-term penetration of German political and economic life, with the ultimate intention of re-establishing the Nazi system." Nursery was finally broken up in the spring of 1946 with several hundred arrests. (73)

In 1949 Frank Foley retired from MI6 and went to live with his family in Stourbridge. One of his neighbours, Beryl Price, later recalled: "He was quite a nondescript little man. You would pass him in a crowd." (74) Irene Berlyn added: "Frank was fairly quiet, but he was a charming man. You could tell he had been a gentleman and done a lot of things. But he never spoke about it... He didn't seem to do much. He used to read a lot and potter about in the garden. But that was his life. He was always very nice to everyone, particularly to the children in the road." (75)

He became very disillusioned with the state of the world. Foley told his brother, Andy Foley: "There are far too many blackguards in the world and the biggest of all in the Soviet Union. If only the war in Korea could be stopped. It was a bad idea to begin it, I think. I hate war and all the suffering it causes to the weak and innocent. God only knows what the next one will be like." He told his grandson, Dennis Foley, that he was now a "pacifist". (76)

Frank Foley died at his home, 32 Eveson Road, Norton, of heart failure on 8th May 1958.

Adolf Hitler's Early Life (Answer Commentary)

Adolf Hitler and the First World War (Answer Commentary)

Adolf Hitler and the German Workers' Party (Answer Commentary)

Sturmabteilung (SA) (Answer Commentary)

Adolf Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch (Answer Commentary)

Adolf Hitler the Orator (Answer Commentary)

Who Set Fire to the Reichstag? (Answer Commentary)

An Assessment of the Nazi-Soviet Pact (Answer Commentary)

British Newspapers and Adolf Hitler (Answer Commentary)

Lord Rothermere, Daily Mail and Adolf Hitler (Answer Commentary)

Adolf Hitler v John Heartfield (Answer Commentary)

The Hitler Youth (Answer Commentary)

German League of Girls (Answer Commentary)

Night of the Long Knives (Answer Commentary)

The Political Development of Sophie Scholl (Answer Commentary)

The White Rose Anti-Nazi Group (Answer Commentary)

Kristallnacht (Answer Commentary)

Heinrich Himmler and the SS (Answer Commentary)

Trade Unions in Nazi Germany (Answer Commentary)

Hitler's Volkswagen (The People's Car) (Answer Commentary)

Women in Nazi Germany (Answer Commentary)

The Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich (Answer Commentary)

The Last Days of Adolf Hitler (Answer Commentary)

(1) Michael Smith, Frank Foley : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(2) Keith Jeffrey, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence (2013) page 194

(3) Lyn Smith, Heroes of the Holocaust (2013) page 9

(4) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 9

(5) Lynn Barton, Western Morning News (2015)

(6) Lyn Smith, Heroes of the Holocaust (2013) page 10

(7) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 31

(8) Keith Jeffrey, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence (2013) page 302

(9) Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power (2005) page 15

(10) Lyn Smith, Heroes of the Holocaust (2013) page 10

(11) Frank Foley, cable to MI6 headquarters (29th March 1933)

(12) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 45

(13) James Grover McDonald, League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, letter published in The Daily Telegraph (30th December, 1935)

(14) James Taylor and Warren Shaw, Dictionary of the Third Reich (1987) page 208

(15) Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power (2005) page 556

(16) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 96

(17) Benno Cohen, statement (25th April, 1961)

(18) Michael Smith, Six: A History of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (2010) page 371

(19) Keith Jeffrey, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence (2013) page 302

(20) Frank Foley, cable to MI6 headquarters (January, 1935)

(21) James Taylor and Warren Shaw, Dictionary of the Third Reich (1987) page 67

(22) Reinhard Heydrich, instructions for measures against Jews (10th November, 1938)

(23) Heinrich Mueller, order sent to all regional and local commanders of the state police (9th November 1938)

(24) Reinhard Heydrich, instructions to the Gestapo for measures against Jews (9th November, 1938)

(25) Martin Gilbert, Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction (2006) page 168

(26) James Holburn, The Glasgow Herald (November, 1938)

(27) James Taylor and Warren Shaw, Dictionary of the Third Reich (1987) page 67

(28) Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power (2005) page 598

(29) Benno Cohen, statement (25th April, 1961)

(30) The Manchester Guardian (21st November, 1938)

(31) Malcolm MacDonald, cabinet minutes (14th December, 1938)

(32) Benno Cohen, statement (25th April, 1961)

(33) Margaret Reid, letter to her mother (12th December, 1938)

(34) Kay Foley, Sunday Mercury (7th May, 1961)

(35) Wim Van Leer, Time of My Life (1984) page 174

(36) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) pages 44-45

(37) Michael Smith, Six: A History of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (2010) pages 372-373

(38) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 53

(39) Keith Jeffrey, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence (2013) pages 267-269

(40) Michael Smith, Six: A History of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (2010) page 342

(41) Margaret Reid, letter to her mother (January, 1939)

(42) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 110

(43) Benno Cohen, statement (25th April, 1961)

(44) Inge Fehr, letter to Michael Smith (2nd April, 1997)

(45) Michael Smith, Frank Foley : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(46) Margaret Reid, letter to her mother (August, 1939)

(47) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 171

(48) Margaret Reid, letter to her mother (September, 1939)

(49) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 180

(50) Keith Jeffrey, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence (2013) page 373

(51) Margaret Reid, letter to her mother (April, 1940)

(52) Knight's Cross of St Olav (August 1943)

(53) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 196

(54) Michael Smith, Frank Foley : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(55) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 208

(56) Lynn Picknett, Clive Prince and Stephen Prior, Double Standards: The Rudolf Hess Cover Up (2001) page 196

(57) Hong Kong Telegraph (6th March, 1947)

(58) Lynn Picknett, Clive Prince and Stephen Prior, Double Standards: The Rudolf Hess Cover Up (2001) pages 427-431

(59) James Leasor, The Uninvited Envoy (2008) pages 73-81

(60) Keith Jeffrey, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence (2013) pages 757-758

(61) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 224

(62) Kay Foley, Sunday Mercury (7th May, 1961)

(63) Keith Jeffrey, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence (2013) page 758

(64) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 212

(65) Richard Deacon, Spyclopaedia (1987) page 178

(66) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 243

(67) Russell Miller, Codename Tricycle (2005) page 198

(68) Ben Macintyre, Double Cross: The True Story of the D-Day Spies (2012) pages 273–274

(69) Michael Howard, British Intelligence in the Second World War (1990) pages 106-107

(70) Anthony Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies (1976) page 672

(71) Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (2009) page 305

(72) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 265

(73) The Daily Telegraph (2nd April, 1946)

(74) Beryl Price, interviewed by Michael Smith (4th March, 1997)

(75) Irene Berlyn, interviewed by Michael Smith (10th January, 1997)

(76) Michael Smith, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (1999) page 270