1909 Bermondsey By-Election

On 28 October 1909 there was a by-election in Bermondsey. A supporter of women's suffrage, Alfred Salter was standing for the Labour Party. However, the Liberal Party had won the seat in the 1906 General Election and after forming the government had refused to give women the vote. Alison Neilans and Alice Chapin of the Women's Freedom League decided to try and invalidate the election. Neilans later recalled that this action "had been running in the minds of members of the League for nearly two years." Chapin added: "The battle of votes for women was one that was going to be fought out to the finish. It was perfectly logical for them to protest at elections and say they would not put up with the tyranny of the present Government." (1)

On the day of the election, Neilans and Chapin attacked polling stations, smashing bottles containing corrosive liquid over ballot boxes, in an attempt to destroy votes. According to a report in the The New York Times, Chapin "broke a bottle of champagne containing corrosive acid on a ballot box with the apparent intention of destroying the ballots which the box contained. The acid, little or none of which found its way into the box, spattered upon election officials, one of whom were badly burned." (2)

The Times claimed that the presiding officer, George Thornley, was blinded in one eye in one of these attacks, and a Liberal agent suffered a severe burn to the neck. The count was delayed while ballot papers were carefully examined, 83 ballot papers were damaged but legible but two ballot papers became undecipherable. Despite the actions of the two women it was decided the election was valid. (3)  

Alison Neilans
Alison Neilans

Alison Neilans defended her action by claiming: "There had been a great shriek in the Press and elsewhere about vitriol, which was as unjust as it was ridiculous. The tube she carried contained nothing more dangerous than photographic chemicals, which could do no more damage than produce a black stain. The Women's Freedom League never had intended to injure individuals and never would intentionally. The women identified with this movement had never failed yet in anything they had tried to do, and they would not be foiled in the future. They had among them members of the League who were prepared if necessary to do 10 or 15 years in prison for the good of the cause." (4)

At Capin's trial at the Old Bailey, the injured presiding officer, George Thorley, said Chapin raised her band and brought it smartly down on the mouth of the ballot-box. There was a slight crash as of breaking glass, and witness felt the splash on his face and in his eye. He went to Guy's Hospital. His sight, which has been affected, was improving. He added that he "did not believe for a moment that defendant meant to injure his eye". (5)

Alice Chapin was sentenced to seven months' imprisonment. Three months of her punishment being for interfering with a ballot box, and the rest of the term for assault on a polling clerk. Alison Neilans, "who made a similar attempt to express suffragette sentiments at the by-election, but with less serious consequences, was also convicted and was sentenced to three months' imprisonment." (6)

Neilans went on hunger-strike and was forced-fed. "When the doctors entered her cell they had given her the choice of weapons - nasal tube, stomach tube, or feeding-cup. Which did she prefer? Although she heard the stomach-tube operation was the most dangerous, she choose this method in preference to the nasal feeding. She was held down in the chair by two women, their fingers were forced between her teeth, her head thrown back, the tube was gradually forced down her throat, and the feeding commenced. Although she did not go so far as to describe the operation as torture, she did say it was the most unspeakable outrage that could be offered to anyone." (7)

Primary Sources

(1) The Leicester Daily Post (1st November 1909)

Miss Neilans said the more they made at Bermondsey had been running in the minds of members of the League for nearly two years. There had been a great shriek in the Press and elsewhere about vitriol, which was as unjust as it was ridiculous. The tube she carried contained nothing more dangerous than photographic chemicals, which could do no more damage than produce a black stain. The Women's Freedom League never had intended to injure individuals and never would intentionally. The women identified with this movement had never failed yet in anything they had tried to do, and they would not be foiled in the future. They had among them members of the League who were prepared if necessary to do 10 or 15 years in prison for the good of the cause.

Mrs Chapin, who on rising was received with loud applause, then proceeding to deal with the part she played at Bermondsey on the polling day. She was, she said, very far from being a war like character: in fact, she was too much of a dreamer to hanker after active service at all. But the battle of votes for women was one that was going to be fought out to the finish. It was perfectly logical for them to protest at elections and say they would not put up with the tyranny of the present Government.

Mrs How Martyn announced that she had received a letter from Mr Baker, solicitor to the League, who expressed the opinion that for the first time members of the League had committed an indictable offence which could not be dealt with at the police court, so that it would have to go for trial. She went on to say that in one respect they made a mistake over Bermondsey. They had thought that if they succeeded in spoiling one voting paper it would inviolate the election. They know better now.

(2) The New York Times (5th November, 1909)

Mrs Chapin, the militant Suffragette who made an attack on a polling place during the Bermondsey by-election last Thursday, was committed for trial by the Magistrate at the Old Baily today, and the double change of unlawfully meddling with the ballot box and causing grievous harm to the presiding officer.

Mrs Chapin broke a bottle of champagne containing corrosive acid on a ballot box with the apparent intention of destroying the ballots which the box contained. The acid, little or none of which found its way into the box, spattered upon election officials, one of whom were badly burned.

Miss Alison Neilans was also committed for trial charged with a similar attempt to destroy ballots in another booth at the same election.

(3) Dundee Evening Telegraph (24th November 1909)

At the Old Bailey today, Alice Chapin (45) was indicted for unlawfully interfering with the ballot-box during the Bermondsey election by introducing divers liquid chemicals into it for attempting to destroy the ballot papers and for assaulting George Thorley.

Accused pleaded not guilty.

Counsel said defendant threw a chemical liquid into the ballot-box, and 80 ballot papers were nearly destroyed. Some of the liquid splashed on to Mr Thorley's face, that gentlemen being the presiding officer. One of Mr Thorley's eyes were injured.

Mr. George Thorley said Chapin raised her band and brought it smartly down on the mouth of the ballot-box. There was a slight crash as of breaking glass, and witness felt the splash on his face and in his eye. He went to Guy's Hospital. His sight, which has been affected, was improving.

Cross-examined – witness did not believe for a moment that defendant meant to injure his eye.

Further evidence was given that all the papers affected were deciphered.

Mrs. Chapin was found guilty of interfering with the ballot-box and of common assault.

Sentence was postponed until the conclusion of the trial of Miss Nielans in connection with the Bermondsey incidents, which is now proceeding. 

(4) The New York Times (25th November, 1909)

Mrs Alice Chapin, the militant suffragette, who injured a polling clerk at the Bermonsey by-election when she smashed a bottle containing corrosive acid on a ballot box was sentenced in the Old Bailey Court today to seven months' imprisonment. She was convicted on the charges, three months of her punishment being for interfering with a ballot box, and the rest of the term for assault on a polling clerk.

Miss Alison Neilans, who made a similar attempt to express suffragette sentiments at the by-election, but with less serious consequences, was also convicted and was sentenced to three months' imprisonment.

(5) The Vote (12th February 1910)

Alison Neilans who was sentenced to three months' imprisonment in connection with the Bermondsey ballot-box, was released from Holloway. Three months in that school for women politicians, learning the working of man-made law under conditions which have aroused the just indignation of every civilised country, would, we thought, have sent her back to us broken in body, but not in spirit…

There is no poetry in the early morning – only grim reality; and the crowd of us who watched for the gate to open were not a little sad and not a little dispirited. And it was our prisoner who cheered us up. The gates open at last, and swinging down the yard came Alison, a little thinner but brave and young and dauntless, with the light of battle in her eyes. "I'm keener than ever," was her greeting; and, drawing us across the road, she led our shouts of greeting to Mrs. Chapin, who still remained in the black castle of North London…

Proceeding, Miss Neilans said that in undergoing this term of imprisonment she had only done what any women, given the opportunity, would do if she had this cause at heart… After this, her third and longest term of imprisonment, Mrs Neilans said that she had absolutely the same opinion of the Rt. Hon. (Coward) Gladstone as before she went in, but the officers in Holloway Prison had shown her as much kindness as lay in their power….

After forty-eight hours without food the Governor had come to her and said: "You have now been forty-eight hours without food, so I must have you fed tonight if you do not give in."

When the doctors entered her cell they had given her the choice of weapons – nasal tube, stomach tube, or feeding-cup. Which did she prefer? Although she heard the stomach-tube operation was the most dangerous, she choose this method in preference to the nasal feeding.

She was held down in the chair by two women, their fingers were forced between her teeth, her head thrown back, the tube was gradually forced down her throat, and the feeding commenced. Although she did not go so far as to describe the operation as torture, she did say it was the most unspeakable outrage that could be offered to anyone.

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References

(1) The Leicester Daily Post (1st November 1909)

(2) The New York Times (5th November, 1909)

(3) The Times (29th October 1909)

(4) The Leicester Daily Post (1st November 1909)

(5) Dundee Evening Telegraph (24th November 1909)

(6) The New York Times (25th November, 1909)

(7) The Vote (12th February 1910)