The early European arrivals in America were known as colonists or settlers. The term immigrant was first used in 1787. However, it was argued at the time that there was a difference between the colonists who "established a new new society, and those foreigners who arrive only when the country's laws, customs and language are fixed."

In the 18th century an estimated 450,000 settlers arrived in America. This included large numbers of people from Germany, Sweden, England, Ireland, France, Scotland and Holland. The main reason people decided to leave Europe and settle in America during this period was the possibility of acquiring cheap or free land. Others were more concerned with escaping from political and religious persecution.

During this early period European countries saw population as a form of wealth and that emigration was perceived as a drain on national strength. Emigration was therefore discouraged and in some cases government's took action to stop citizens leaving the country.

In the early 19th century governments began to change is view on emigration. Those in power became concerned at the rapid growth in population and saw emigration as a method of solving economic and political problems. America was now seen as a possible dumping ground for convicts, paupers and political radicals.